Pyraclostrobin is a kind of methoxy acrylate fungicide with pyrazole structure. As a respiratory inhibitor, it inhibits mitochondrial respiration by blocking electron transfer at the cytochrome bc1 complex, so that mitochondria cannot provide the energy (ATP) required for normal cell metabolism, thus achieving sterilization effect. Pyraclostrobin is also a hormone-type fungicide, which can produce positive physiological regulation on crops.

Pyraclostrobin is a fungicide with protectant, curative, and translaminar properties. It has wide bactericidal spectrum, high bactericidal activity, long duration of efficacy, and has a health effect on plants, which can improve crop resilience, improve crop quality and increase yield. Pyraclostrobin has a good control on plant diseases caused by various types of fungal pathogens such as Ascomycetes, Basidiomycetes and Deuteromycetes, and is widely used in the disease control of fruit trees, vegetables and grains. Pyraclostrobin can also be mixed with other fungicides, which can not only cooperate with the killing mechanism, expand the bactericidal spectrum, but also delay the generation of resistance.

In the list of global fungicide single product ranking, pyraclostrobin has always been the leader, and its market position is second only to azoxystrobin. In 2014, pyraclostrobin had global sales of $1.00 billion. South and North America accounted for 71%, while Asia accounted for 3%. Asia and Africa account for more than 50% of the world’s agricultural area, so countries in Asia and Africa still have great market potential.

Pyraclostrobin suspension concentrate is the mainstream dosage form at present, there are many difficulties in processing:

① After storage at 54±2 oC, the particle size grows, and the suspension concentrate pastes and solidifies, or after storage at 54±2 oC, the suspension concentrate will paste and solidify at room temperature;

② When placed at room temperature for a long time, the particle size grows significantly, the efficacy decreases, and in severe cases, it will paste and then solidify;

③ The melting point of pyraclostrobin is low, and it is easy to be melted by heat during the sanding process, which will bring unstable factors to the suspension, and in serious cases, it will cause caking and blockage;

④ The compound preparation has poor stability, especially when it is compounded with epoxiconazole and difenoconazole, etc., it is easy to crystallize and then paste. Now we have succeeded in solving these problems.

Our product is a mixture of pyraclostrobin with difenoconazole. This compound product has a wider bactericidal spectrum and higher bactericidal activity, while delaying the generation of resistance. Testing the efficacy of our product was carried out by Institute of Zhenjiang Agricultural Sciences Jiangsu Hill Region. It can be seen that our product has better efficacy in controlling grape anthracnose. During the application, no phytotoxicity symptoms were found in plants due to the application of our product.

Table 1: Field efficacy trial results of Pyraclostrobin 250g/L+Difenoconazole 150g/L SC against grape anthracnose

Figure 1. Our product	Figure 2. Compared product

Our product has a good control effect on grape anthracnose. At the same concentration, our product is better than other products.

How to use the product

Crop	Target	Application Time	Dosage rate	Method
Grape	Powdery mildew	Before or at the early stage of the disease	Dilute 1500-2000 folds	Spray
Grape	Anthracnose		Dilute 1500-3000 folds	Spray
Watermelon	Gummy stem blight		300 – 450 mL/ha	Spray
Peach	Cercospora shot hole		Dilute 3000 -5000 folds	Spray
Apple	Alternaria leaf spot		Dilute 4000 -5000 folds	Spray
Banana	Scab		Dilute 2000 -3000 folds	Spray
Banana	Leaf spot	At the early stage of the disease	Dilute 2000-3000 folds	Spray
Apple	Brown spot		Dilute 3000 -4000 folds	Spray
Chili	Anthracnose		225-300 mL/ha	Spray

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Grape is a kind of common fruit which is widely planted all over the world. However, in the process of cultivation, there is a wide variety of diseases and insect pests that leads to the decrease of grape yield. Therefore, the control of grape diseases and pests is particularly important.

1.4 White rot
White rot mainly damages ears, cobs, fruits, branches and leaves. Light brown spots with indistinct margins in watery lesion are produced on cobs and fruit stalks, then the cortex of the diseased part rots with a scent of earth. Hand twist can easily separate cobs from the xylem and make it fall off. The disease mostly starts from the fruit stem and spreads rapidly throughout the whole fruit, showing light brown soft rot. In severe cases, the whole ear rots, and the diseased fruit can be easily shaked off, so the orchard ground with serious disease will be covered with diseased fruits.

Characteristics of disease occurrence: The disease is mainly spread by wind, rain and insects. The climate is closely related to the severity of the disease. Summer is hot and rainy, especially the overcast and rainy weather is easy to cause disease prevalence. The disease in orchard with low-lying terrain, poor drainage, extensive management and overgrown weeds is serious.

Prevention and control measures
① Clear the fallen leaves and bury the diseased branches deeply. Strengthen the management of orchards, increase the application of organic fertilizers, enhance tree vigor, and improve disease resistance. Carry out drainage, reduce the humidity in the field, and reduce the impact of disease.
② Chemical control: Mancozeb 80% WP can be used to prevent before the disease occurs. After the disease occurs, Boscalid 25.2% + Pyraclostrobin 12.8% SC and Azoxystrobin 250g/L SC can be used.

1.5 Anthracnose
Anthracnose is one of the main diseases that cause grape fruit rot in the near ripening stage. It mainly damages fruit, causing fruit to rot. In severe cases, branches and leaves can also be harmed. When the fruit is about to mature, light brown or purple spots in watery lesion appear on the surface of the fruit, which are round or irregularly shaped, then gradually expand, turn brown or dark brown, rotted and sunken. When the climate is humid, orange-red conidia clusters may also grow on the disease spots.

Characteristics of disease occurrence: The mycelium of pathogen overwinters on the epidermal tissues of annual branches and diseased fruits, and can also overwinters in leaf scars, ear stalks and node buds. In next summer, when the temperature and humidity are suitable, the conidia produced by the overwintering pathogens begin to invade in the young tissues. Grape ripening period is the peak for anthracnose infection. The higher the maturity, the shorter the incubation period, the more serious the disease will be.

Prevention and control measures
① Completely clear diseased ears, vines and leaves to reduce the source of pathogens.
② Chemical control: Mancozeb 80% WP or Chlorothalonil 75% WP can be used to prevent before the disease occurs. After the disease occurs, Azoxystrobin 200g/L + Difenoconazole 125 g/L SC can be used.

1.6 Powdery mildew
Powdery mildew mainly damages the leaves, fruits and vines of grapes. White or chlorotic spots appear on the leaf surface or the back of the grapes during the leaf development stage, the disease spots gradually expand, and pink-white mildew spots grow on the surface, which can severely spread over the whole leaf, until the leaves curl or wither. Black awn-like pattern appears on the infected fruits, covered with a layer of white powder, and the skin of the diseased part becomes purple-brown to gray-black, resulting in fruit harden, cracking and falling off.

Characteristics of disease occurrence:
Grape powdery mildew is different from most fungi, which is the most drought-tolerant fungus. Although higher humidity is conducive to the germination of conidia and the growth of hyphae, the conidia can also germinate under dry conditions with humidity lower than 8%. A climate with  arid condition in grape growing areas is favorable for the occurrence and prevalence of powdery mildew.

Prevention and control measures
① Completely clear diseased ears, vines and leaves to reduce the source of pathogens.
② Chemical control: Mancozeb 80% WP or sulfur can be used to prevent before the disease occurs.

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